Journalism, Democracy and Development
Emnekode:
3GJ302Emnenavn:
Journalism, Democracy and DevelopmentUndervisningssemester:
HøstSteder:
KristiansandStudieår:
2025 — 2026Undervisningsspråk:
EngelskStudiepoeng:
10 Studiepoeng
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a specific media society for a relevant audience (could also be an individual assignment). The presentation should discuss relations between journalism, democracy and development in the particular society.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises two items:
1. A 4000 word written assignment/paper (51% of the final grade), individual
2. An oral examination (49% of the final grade), individual
1. Assignment: All tools are allowed, but using generative artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT to write the assignment or parts of the assignment is not allowed.
2. Oral examination: None
GJ 302-1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. It also considers media development efforts in emerging democracies, in terms of both theory and practice. An additional focus considers the particular circumstances and approaches that arise in conflict and post-conflict societies, including questions of journalism safety.
GJ 302-2: Digital media and democratic developmentThis part of the course explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ‘new media’) in democracy. processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, , is discussed. The power of new digital platforms and the role of AI are discussed, together with their impact on democracy, including misinformation, damage to business models and issues of privacy and surveillance. Discussion will also focus on solutions being explored in different parts of the world. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is presented.
It is commonly agreed that there is a relationship between the media and democracy, although the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses the issue by considering the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes, as well as the ways in which the spread of new digital media technologies affect democracy. . The course takes as its starting point that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role of the media in these processes, and there is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The course concerns itself centrally with media development projects, which have become a prominent part of the way in which democratization is supported by external actors. The course considers conceptual approaches, strengths, challenges, and critiques of media development. A particular focus is on conflict situations, where besides safety concerns there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate and in which way they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (sometimes called 'new media') in democratization processes as well as the impact of the spread of digital media on democracy across the world. With economic and technological advances, digital media have opened up new possibilities for public participation in the media. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies, while platformisation - the growing power of digital platforms - has created new centers of power, extended the potential for misinformation and damaged existing business models for journalistic media. Additional challenges emerge from developments in artificial intelligence.
The course relies on case studies and examples, including experiences of NA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with selected alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in debates about the impact of digital media on democracy and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can analyze and critique media development approaches and projects in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media, democracy and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to problematize media interventions
Book
International media development historical perspectives and new frontiers
Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna, Peter Lang, XV, 277 sider, volume 23, [2019]; © 2019, isbn:9781433151477,
Part 1, 2 and 4 (pp. 11-110. 155-228). (171 pp)
Book Chapter
Global Justice and Global Media: The Long Way Ahead
Hamelink, Cees J, Lora Taub-Pervizpour (1967) (redaktør), Global Justice and Global Media: The Long Way Ahead, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, VIII, 275 s., 2011, 27-35, isbn:9780230108639,
Article
Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo
Hoxha, A; Andresen, K, Journalism Education, 2, 6, 2017, 37-47,
Book Chapter
Introduction: Media, democracy, human rights and social justice
Jansen, Sue Curry, Lora Taub-Pervizpour (1967) (redaktør), Introduction: Media, democracy, human rights and social justice, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, VIII, 275 s., 2011, 1-23, isbn:9780230108639,
Book Chapter
Introduction
Beate Josephi, Beate Josephi, Introduction, New York, Peter Lang, XXIII, 263 s, vol. 1, cop. 2010, 1-14, isbn:9781433110849,
Book Chapter
Conclusions
Beate Josephi, Beate Josephi, Conclusions, New York, Peter Lang, XXIII, 263 s, vol. 1, cop. 2010, 253-260, isbn:9781433110849,
Article
Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies
Melhus, Kåre, Unpublished paper, 2013, 1-11,
Article
CULTURE CLASH: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists
Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Taylor & Francis Group, 184-198, Journalism practice, 2, 7, 2013-04-01, 184-198,
View online
Book
Chapter 1
Public sentinel : news media & governance reform [elektronisk ressurs]
Pippa Norris, Washington, D.C., World Bank, xxi, 420 s., c2010, isbn:0821382012; 9780821382011,
View online
Book Chapter
What constitutes media development?
Rønning, Helge, Thorbjörn Broddason (red.), What constitutes media development?, Göteborg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, 410, 61, 2010, 305-320, isbn:9789188212849,
Article
Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia
Skjerdal, Terje S, University of Stellenbosch, 24-51, Global media journal (African ed.), 1, 5, 2011-01-01, 24-51,
View online
Article
60 years of foreign intervention in African journalism: Fortifying the liberal ethos
Skjerdal, Terje, Unpublished paper, 2021, 1-11,
Article
South African media in comparative perspective
Sparks, Colin, Taylor & Francis Group, 5-19, Ecquid novi, 2, 32, 2011-07-01, 5-19,
View online
Book
The Media for democracy monitor : a cross national study of leading news media
Josef Trappel (redaktør), Göteborg, Nordicom, 366 s., 2011, isbn:9789186523237,
pp. 11-28
Book
Handbook of Communication for Development and Social Change
Servaes, Jan, Servaes, Jan, Singapore, Springer, 2020, isbn:9789811520136,
View online
Article
The state of South African media: a space to contest democracy
Wasserman, Herman, Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 451-465, Publizistik, 3, 65, 2020, 451-465,
View online
Article
Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers
Kiyya Baloch, Kenneth Andresen, Media and Communication, 1, 8, 37-46,
Article
How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories
Hoxha, Abit ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Meyer, Christoph ; Frère, Marie-Soleil, London, England, SAGE Publications, 46-64, Media, war & conflict, 1, 11, 2018-03, 46-64,
View online
Book Chapter
Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo
Abit Hoxha and Kenneth Andresen, Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo, 263-285, isbn:978-3-030-54699-1,
Article
Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies
Jurrat, Nadine, Deutsche Welle, 2016, 1-20,
Article
International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies
Kumar, Krishna, Routledge, 652-667, Democratization, 4, 13, 2006-08-01, 652-667,
View online
Article
Good journalism or peace journalism?
David Loyn, Berlin Regener Publishing House, 1-10, Conflict & communication online, 2, 6, 2007-10-01, 1-10,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 13-22, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict
Ntulume, Charlotte, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 39-62, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 99-114, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal
Koirala, Samiksha, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 115-128, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Article
The manufacture of an international news event: The day Kosovo was born
Paterson, Chris ; Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit, London, England, SAGE Publications, 103-120, Journalism (London, England), 1, 13, 2012-01, 103-120,
View online
Article
Transitional justice and transitional journalism: Case-study on Kosovo
Sweeney, James A.; Andresen, Kenneth; Hoxha, Abit, International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3, 14, 1-21,
Book Chapter
Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda
Dralega, Carol Azungi, Orgeret, Kristin Skare; Rønning, Helge, Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda, [Oslo], Unipub, 362 s., 2009, 287-312, isbn:9788274774544,
Book
pp. 17-34 and 89-102
Democracy's fourth wave? : digital media and the Arab spring
Howard, Philip N.., Hussain, Muzammil M.., Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145 s., cop. 2013, isbn:9780199936953; 9780199936977,
Document
Greening Africa's news deserts The search for sustainable local media in sub-Saharan Africa
Krüger, Franz, Konrad 429 Adenauer Stiftung., 2022,
View online
Article
Journal of Media Business Studies Journalism is dead! Long live journalism?: why democratic societies will need to subsidise future news production
Robert W. McChesney, JOURNAL OF MEDIA BUSINESS STUDIES, 3, 13, 2016, 128-135,
View online
Article
Digital Journalism Restructuring Democratic Infrastructures: A Policy Approach to the Journalism Crisis
Victor Pickard, Digital Journalism, 6, 8, 2020, 704-719,
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a specific media society for a relevant audience (could also be an individual assignment). The presentation should discuss relations between journalism, democracy and development in the particular society.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises two items:
1. A 4000 word written assignment/paper (51% of the final grade), individual
2. An oral examination (49% of the final grade), individual
1. Assignment: All
2. Oral examination: None
GJ 302-1: Journalism and democratization
This part of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. Actual cases of media development in emerging democracies are discussed.
GJ 302-2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
GJ 302-3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is given.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, but the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses this issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies, focusing particularly on initiatives to develop the media themselves. The course takes as its point of departure that the media are actively used throughout the world to promote social, political, economic and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role and impact of the media in these processes. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing and transitional societies is often linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and how they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a significant impact on democratization processes around the world. This can be positive, by offering new channels for participation, but may also reinforce the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict and post-conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to discuss media intervention and media development projects, as well as suggesting improvements
Article
New Roles for Media in the Western Balkans: A study of transitional journalism
Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit ; Godole, Jonila, Routledge, 614-628, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 614-628,
View online
Book
International media development historical perspectives and new frontiers
Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna, Peter Lang, XV, 277 sider, volume 23, [2019]; © 2019, isbn:9781433151477,
Part 1, 2 and 4 (pp. 11-110. 155-228). (171 pp)
Book Chapter
Chapter 7
Aeronin, D., Davis, Aeron, Chapter 7, Cambridge, UK Medford, MA; Cambridge, UK Medford, MA, Polity Press, 262 sider, 2019; ©2019, 109-129, isbn:9781509528998; 9781509529001,
Chapter 7; pp. 109-129
Document
Working group on the sustainability of journalism
Forum on information and democracy,
View online
Article
Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo
Hoxha, A; Andresen, K, Journalism Education, 2, 6, 2017, 37-47,
Book
Media and Social Justice
Jansen, S ; Pooley, J ; Taub-Pervizpour, L, Jefferson Pooley ; Lora Taub-Pervizpour ; Sue Curry Jansen ; Taub-Pervizpour, Lora ; Pooley, Jefferson ; Jansen, Sue Curry, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, isbn:0230119794,
pp. 1-23
View online
Article
How Good is the South African Media for Democracy?: Mapping the South African Public Sphere after Apartheid
JACOBS, SEAN, 279-302, African and Asian studies, 4, 1, 2002, 279-302,
View online
Book
Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom
Beate Josephi, New York, Peter Lang, XXIII, 263 s, vol. 1, cop. 2010, isbn:9781433110849,
Pp. 1–14 and 253–260. (22 pp.)
Article
Journalists' Development Journalism Role Perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa
Kalyango, Yusuf ; Hanusch, Folker ; Ramaprasad, Jyotika ; Skjerdal, Terje ; Hasim, Mohd Safar ; Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Ullah, Mohammad Sahid ; Manda, Levi Zeleza ; Kamara, Sarah Bomkapre, Routledge, 576-594, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 576-594,
View online
Document
Greening Africa’s news deserts: The search for sustainable local media in sub-Saharan Africa
Konrad 429 Adenauer Stiftung, Konrad 429 Adenauer Stiftung, 2022,
View online
Article
International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies
Kumar, Krishna, Routledge, 652-667, Democratization, 4, 13, 2006-08-01, 652-667,
View online
Article
Journalism is dead! Long live journalism?: why democratic societies will need to subsidise future news production
McChesney, Robert W., Routledge, 128-135, Journal of media business studies, 3, 13, 2016-07-02, 128-135,
View online
Article
Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies
Melhus, Kåre, Unpublished paper, 2013, 1-11,
Article
CULTURE CLASH: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists
Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Taylor & Francis Group, 184-198, Journalism practice, 2, 7, 2013-04-01, 184-198,
View online
Book
Public sentinel : news media & governance reform [elektronisk ressurs]
Pippa Norris, Washington, D.C., World Bank, xxi, 420 s., c2010, isbn:0821382012; 9780821382011,
View online
Article
Restructuring Democratic Infrastructures: A Policy Approach to the Journalism Crisis
Pickard, Victor, Routledge, 704-719, Digital journalism, 6, 8, 2020-07-02, 704-719,
View online
Book Chapter
What constitutes media development?
Rønning, Helge, Thorbjörn Broddason (red.), What constitutes media development?, Göteborg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, 410, 61, 2010, 305-320, isbn:9789188212849,
Article
South African media in comparative perspective
Sparks, Colin, Taylor & Francis Group, 5-19, Ecquid novi, 2, 32, 2011-07-01, 5-19,
View online
Article
Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia
Skjerdal, Terje S, University of Stellenbosch, 24-51, Global media journal (African ed.), 1, 5, 2011-01-01, 24-51,
View online
Book
The Media for democracy monitor : a cross national study of leading news media
Josef Trappel (redaktør), Göteborg, Nordicom, 366 s., 2011, isbn:9789186523237,
pp. 11-28
Article
60 years of foreign intervention in African journalism: Fortifying the liberal ethos
Skjerdal, Terje, Unpublished paper, 2021, 1-11,
Article
The state of South African media: a space to contest democracy
Wasserman, Herman, Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 451-465, Publizistik, 3, 65, 2020, 451-465,
View online
Electronic Article
Who will pay for journalism?
Zivkovic, F., South East European Media Observatory, 2016,
Article
Does gender determine journalists’ professional views? A reassessment based on cross-national evidence
Hanitzsch, T., & Hanusch, F., European Journal of Communication, 3, 27, 2012-09, 257-277,
Article
Development journalism/communication: The status of the concept Gazette
Christine Ogan, International Communication Gazette, 1-2, 29, 1982-02, 3-13,
Book Chapter
Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo
Abit Hoxha and Kenneth Andresen, Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo, 263-285, isbn:978-3-030-54699-1,
Article
How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories
Hoxha, Abit ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Meyer, Christoph ; Frère, Marie-Soleil, London, England, SAGE Publications, 46-64, Media, war & conflict, 1, 11, 2018-03, 46-64,
View online
Article
Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies
Jurrat, Nadine, Deutsche Welle, 2016, 1-20,
Article
Good journalism or peace journalism?
David Loyn, Berlin Regener Publishing House, 1-10, Conflict & communication online, 2, 6, 2007-10-01, 1-10,
View online
Book Chapter
The peace journalism model
Lynch, Jake; McGoldrick, Annabel, Lynch, Jake., McGoldrick, Annabel, The peace journalism model, Hawthorn Press, 2014-02-13, 1-32, isbn:9781903458501,
View online
Book Chapter
Preface and Foreword
Carlsson, Ulla, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Preface and Foreword, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 7-12, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 13-22, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 23-38, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict
Ntulume, Charlotte, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 39-62, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 99-114, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal
Koirala, Samiksha, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 115-128, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia
Krøvel, Roy, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 147-168, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Article
The manufacture of an international news event: The day Kosovo was born
Paterson, Chris ; Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit, London, England, SAGE Publications, 103-120, Journalism (London, England), 1, 13, 2012-01, 103-120,
View online
Article
Transitional justice and transitional journalism: Case-study on Kosovo
Sweeney, James A.; Andresen, Kenneth; Hoxha, Abit, International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3, 14, 1-21,
Article
The democratic impact of ICT in Africa/ Informations- und kommunikationstechnologien, politische handlungsfahigkeit und demokratisches regieren in Afrika
Dobra, Alexandra, Sage Publications Ltd. (UK), 73-88, Afrikaspectrum, 1, 47, 2012-04-01, 73-88,
View online
Book Chapter
Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda
Dralega, Carol Azungi, Orgeret, Kristin Skare; Rønning, Helge, Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda, [Oslo], Unipub, 362 s., 2009, 287-312, isbn:9788274774544,
Book
Democracy's fourth wave? : digital media and the Arab spring
Howard, Philip N.., Hussain, Muzammil M.., Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145 s., cop. 2013, isbn:9780199936953; 9780199936977,
pp. 17-34
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a specific media society for a relevant audience. The presentation should discuss relations between journalism, democracy and development in the particular society.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises one item:
Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at actual cases of media development in emerging democracies.
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is given.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, but the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses this issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its point of departure that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social, political, economic and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role and impact of the media in these processes. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing and transitional societies is often linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and how they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict and post-conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to discuss media intervention and media development projects, as well as suggesting improvements
New Roles for Media in the Western Balkans: A study of transitional journalism
Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit ; Godole, Jonila, Routledge, 614-628, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 614-628,
View online
Book
International media development historical perspectives and new frontiers
Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna; New York Bern Berlin Vienna, Peter Lang, XV, 277 sider, volume 23, [2019]; © 2019, isbn:9781433151477,
Part 1, 2 and 4 (pp. 11-110. 155-228). (171 pp) Book Chapter
Chapter 7
Aeronin, D., Davis, Aeron, Chapter 7, Cambridge, UK Medford, MA; Cambridge, UK Medford, MA, Polity Press, 262 sider, 2019; ©2019, 109-129, isbn:9781509528998; 9781509529001,
Chapter 7; pp. 109-129 Document
Working group on the sustainability of journalism
Forum on information and democracy,
View online
Article
Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo
Hoxha, A; Andresen, K, Journalism Education, 2, 6, 2017, 37-47, Book
Media and Social Justice
Jansen, S ; Pooley, J ; Taub-Pervizpour, L, Jefferson Pooley ; Lora Taub-Pervizpour ; Sue Curry Jansen ; Taub-Pervizpour, Lora ; Pooley, Jefferson ; Jansen, Sue Curry, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, isbn:0230119794,
pp. 1-23
View online
Article
How Good is the South African Media for Democracy?: Mapping the South African Public Sphere after Apartheid
JACOBS, SEAN, 279-302, African and Asian studies, 4, 1, 2002, 279-302,
View online
Book
Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom
Beate Josephi, New York, Peter Lang, XXIII, 263 s, vol. 1, cop. 2010, isbn:9781433110849,
Pp. 1–14 and 253–260. (22 pp.) Article
Journalists' Development Journalism Role Perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa
Kalyango, Yusuf ; Hanusch, Folker ; Ramaprasad, Jyotika ; Skjerdal, Terje ; Hasim, Mohd Safar ; Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Ullah, Mohammad Sahid ; Manda, Levi Zeleza ; Kamara, Sarah Bomkapre, Routledge, 576-594, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 576-594,
View online
Document
Greening Africa’s news deserts: The search for sustainable local media in sub-Saharan Africa
Konrad 429 Adenauer Stiftung, Konrad 429 Adenauer Stiftung, 2022,
View online
Article
International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies
Kumar, Krishna, Routledge, 652-667, Democratization, 4, 13, 2006-08-01, 652-667,
View online
Article
Journalism is dead! Long live journalism?: why democratic societies will need to subsidise future news production
McChesney, Robert W., Routledge, 128-135, Journal of media business studies, 3, 13, 2016-07-02, 128-135,
View online
Article
Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies
Melhus, Kåre, Unpublished paper, 2013, 1-11, Article
CULTURE CLASH: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists
Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Taylor & Francis Group, 184-198, Journalism practice, 2, 7, 2013-04-01, 184-198,
View online
Book
Public sentinel : news media & governance reform [elektronisk ressurs]
Pippa Norris, Washington, D.C., World Bank, xxi, 420 s., c2010, isbn:0821382012; 9780821382011,
View online
Article
Restructuring Democratic Infrastructures: A Policy Approach to the Journalism Crisis
Pickard, Victor, Routledge, 704-719, Digital journalism, 6, 8, 2020-07-02, 704-719,
View online
Book Chapter
What constitutes media development?
Rønning, Helge, Thorbjörn Broddason (red.), What constitutes media development?, Göteborg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, 410, 61, 2010, 305-320, isbn:9789188212849, Article
South African media in comparative perspective
Sparks, Colin, Taylor & Francis Group, 5-19, Ecquid novi, 2, 32, 2011-07-01, 5-19,
View online
Article
Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia
Skjerdal, Terje S, University of Stellenbosch, 24-51, Global media journal (African ed.), 1, 5, 2011-01-01, 24-51,
View online
Book
The Media for democracy monitor : a cross national study of leading news media
Josef Trappel (redaktør), Göteborg, Nordicom, 366 s., 2011, isbn:9789186523237,
pp. 11-28 Article
60 years of foreign intervention in African journalism: Fortifying the liberal ethos
Skjerdal, Terje, Unpublished paper, 2021, 1-11, Article
The state of South African media: a space to contest democracy
Wasserman, Herman, Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 451-465, Publizistik, 3, 65, 2020, 451-465,
View online
Electronic Article
Who will pay for journalism?
Zivkovic, F., South East European Media Observatory, 2016, Article
Does gender determine journalists’ professional views? A reassessment based on cross-national evidence
Hanitzsch, T., & Hanusch, F., European Journal of Communication, 3, 27, 2012-09, 257-277, Article
Development journalism/communication: The status of the concept Gazette
Christine Ogan, International Communication Gazette, 1-2, 29, 1982-02, 3-13, Book Chapter
Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo
Abit Hoxha and Kenneth Andresen, Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo, 263-285, isbn:978-3-030-54699-1, Article
How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories
Hoxha, Abit ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Meyer, Christoph ; Frère, Marie-Soleil, London, England, SAGE Publications, 46-64, Media, war & conflict, 1, 11, 2018-03, 46-64,
View online
Article
Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies
Jurrat, Nadine, Deutsche Welle, 2016, 1-20, Article
Good journalism or peace journalism?
David Loyn, Berlin Regener Publishing House, 1-10, Conflict & communication online, 2, 6, 2007-10-01, 1-10,
View online
Book Chapter
The peace journalism model
Lynch, Jake; McGoldrick, Annabel, Lynch, Jake., McGoldrick, Annabel, The peace journalism model, Hawthorn Press, 2014-02-13, 1-32, isbn:9781903458501,
View online
Book Chapter
Preface and Foreword
Carlsson, Ulla, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Preface and Foreword, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 7-12, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 13-22, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 23-38, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict
Ntulume, Charlotte, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 39-62, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 99-114, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal
Koirala, Samiksha, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 115-128, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Book Chapter
Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia
Krøvel, Roy, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 147-168, isbn:9789187957246,
View online
Article
The manufacture of an international news event: The day Kosovo was born
Paterson, Chris ; Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit, London, England, SAGE Publications, 103-120, Journalism (London, England), 1, 13, 2012-01, 103-120,
View online
Article
Transitional justice and transitional journalism: Case-study on Kosovo
Sweeney, James A.; Andresen, Kenneth; Hoxha, Abit, International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3, 14, 1-21, Article
The democratic impact of ICT in Africa/ Informations- und kommunikationstechnologien, politische handlungsfahigkeit und demokratisches regieren in Afrika
Dobra, Alexandra, Sage Publications Ltd. (UK), 73-88, Afrikaspectrum, 1, 47, 2012-04-01, 73-88,
View online
Book Chapter
Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda
Dralega, Carol Azungi, Orgeret, Kristin Skare; Rønning, Helge, Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda, [Oslo], Unipub, 362 s., 2009, 287-312, isbn:9788274774544, Book
Democracy's fourth wave? : digital media and the Arab spring
Howard, Philip N.., Hussain, Muzammil M.., Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145 s., cop. 2013, isbn:9780199936953; 9780199936977,
pp. 17-34
Article
New Roles for Media in the Western Balkans: A study of transitional journalism
Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit ; Godole, Jonila, Routledge, 614-628, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 614-628,
View online
Book Chapter
Global media: New issues, old story
Raboy, Marc, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Global media: New issues, old story, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 13-19, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Media development and the market for loyalties
Price, Monroe E., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media development and the market for loyalties, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 20-29, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Redefining media development: A demand-driven approach
Nelson, Mark. M., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Redefining media development: A demand-driven approach, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 30-41, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Evaluating success: What should we be measuring?
Abbott, Susan, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Evaluating success: What should we be measuring?, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 42-52, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
A sketch of media development: From meeting point to field?
Waisbord, Silvio, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), A sketch of media development: From meeting point to field?, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 53-58, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Media development and the political marketspace
Stremlau, Nicole, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media development and the political marketspace, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 61-71, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Fake news and disinformation: Promoting facts with press freedoms
Griffin, Douglas, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Fake news and disinformation: Promoting facts with press freedoms, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 72-80, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Gender, research, and media development: A feminist perspective on media structures
Byerly, Carolyn M., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Gender, research, and media development: A feminist perspective on media structures, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 81-92, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Media capture: Media ownership, oligarchs, and the challenge of developing independent media
Dragomir, Marius, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media capture: Media ownership, oligarchs, and the challenge of developing independent media, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 93-103, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
The new normal: Transnational authoritarian threats to independent media
Kalathil, Shanthi, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), The new normal: Transnational authoritarian threats to independent media, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 104-110, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
How the fault-lines in media development assistance make us ill-prepared for the future: A densely potted historical analysis
Deane, James, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), How the fault-lines in media development assistance make us ill-prepared for the future: A densely potted historical analysis, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 157-164, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Media literacy in the context of media development: Framework, interventions, and assessment
Ljubic, Tatjana, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media literacy in the context of media development: Framework, interventions, and assessment, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 165-180, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Solutions journalism and a normative model for media development
Jacobson, Tom, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Solutions journalism and a normative model for media development, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 191-199, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Local news: A shift to hyperlocal?
Betz, Michelle, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Local news: A shift to hyperlocal?, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 181-190, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
The enduring place of investigative journalism in media development
Sullivan, Drew, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), The enduring place of investigative journalism in media development, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 200-207, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Public Service Broadcasting and media development
Horowitz, Minna Aslama; Marko, Davor, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Public Service Broadcasting and media development, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 208-219, isbn:9781433151477, Book Chapter
Media development and media reform: Time for change
Freedman, Des; Obar, Jonathan A., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media development and media reform: Time for change, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 220-228, isbn:9781433151477, Article
60 years of foreign intervention in African journalism: Fortifying the liberal ethos
Skjerdal, Terje, Unpublished paper, 2021, 1-11, Article
Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo
Hoxha, Abit; Andresen, Kenneth, Journalism Education, 2, 6, 37-47, Book Chapter
Chapter 7
Aeronin, D., Davis, Aeron, Chapter 7, Cambridge, UK Medford, MA; Cambridge, UK Medford, MA, Polity Press, 262 sider, 2019; ©2019, 109-129, isbn:9781509528998; 9781509529001, Article
The Development of Roles in Kosovo: From Fixers to Journalists
Hoxha, Abit ; Andresen, Kenneth, Routledge, 1732-1746, Journalism studies (London, England), 12, 20, 2019-09-10, 1732-1746,
View online
Book
Media and social justice
Lora Taub-Pervizpour (1967) (redaktør), Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, VIII, 275 s., 2011, isbn:9780230108639,
S. 1-23, 27-35, 45-54. Book Chapter
Introduction
Josephi, Beate, Beate Josephi, Introduction, New York, Peter Lang, vol. 1, 2010, 1-14, isbn:9781433110849, Book Chapter
Conclusions
Josephi, Beate, Beate Josephi, Conclusions, New York, Peter Lang, vol. 1, 2010, 253-260, isbn:9781433110849, Article
International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies
Kumar, Krishna, Routledge, 652-667, Democratization, 4, 13, 2006-08-01, 652-667,
View online
Article
Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies
Melhus, Kåre, Unpublished paper, 2013, 1-11, Article
Journalists' Development Journalism Role Perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa
Kalyango, Yusuf ; Hanusch, Folker ; Ramaprasad, Jyotika ; Skjerdal, Terje ; Hasim, Mohd Safar ; Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Ullah, Mohammad Sahid ; Manda, Levi Zeleza ; Kamara, Sarah Bomkapre, Routledge, 576-594, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 576-594,
View online
Article
CULTURE CLASH: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists
Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Taylor & Francis Group, 184-198, Journalism practice, 2, 7, 2013-04-01, 184-198,
View online
Book Chapter
What constitutes media development?
Rønning, Helge, Thorbjörn Broddason (red.), What constitutes media development?, Göteborg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, 410, 61, 2010, 305-320, isbn:9789188212849, Article
Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia
Skjerdal, Terje S, University of Stellenbosch, 24-51, Global media journal (African ed.), 1, 5, 2011-01-01, 24-51,
View online
Book Chapter
Why democracy needs media monitoring
Trappel, Josef, Nordicom (-2012) ; Göteborgs universitet ; Gothenburg University ; Nordicom ; Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Carlsson, Ulla, Why democracy needs media monitoring, 2011, 11-28, isbn:9789186523237,
View online
Article
Does gender determine journalists’ professional views? A reassessment based on cross-national evidence
Hanitzsch, T., & Hanusch, F., European Journal of Communication, 3, 27, 2012-09, 257-277, Article
Development journalism/communication: The status of the concept Gazette
Christine Ogan, International Communication Gazette, 1-2, 29, 1982-02, 3-13, Book Chapter
Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo
Abit Hoxha and Kenneth Andresen, Violence,War, and Gender: Collective Memory and Politics of Remembrance in Kosovo, 263-285, isbn:978-3-030-54699-1, Article
Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers
Andresen, Kenneth ; Kiyya, Baloch, Cogitatio, Media and Communication, 1, 8, 2020, 37-46,
View online
Article
How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories
Hoxha, Abit ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Meyer, Christoph ; Frère, Marie-Soleil, London, England, SAGE Publications, 46-64, Media, war & conflict, 1, 11, 2018-03, 46-64,
View online
Article
Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies
Jurrat, Nadine, Deutsche Welle, 2016, 1-20, Article
Good journalism or peace journalism?
David Loyn, Berlin Regener Publishing House, 1-10, Conflict & communication online, 2, 6, 2007-10-01, 1-10,
View online
Book Chapter
The peace journalism model
Lynch, Jake; McGoldrick, Annabel, Lynch, Jake., McGoldrick, Annabel, The peace journalism model, Hawthorn Press, 2014-02-13, 1-32, isbn:9781903458501,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 13-22, isbn:9789187957246, Book Chapter
Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 23-38, isbn:9789187957246, Book Chapter
Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict
Ntulume, Charlotte, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 39-62, isbn:9789187957246, Book Chapter
Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 99-114, isbn:9789187957246, Book Chapter
Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal
Koirala, Samiksha, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 115-128, isbn:9789187957246, Book Chapter
Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia
Krøvel, Roy, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 147-168, isbn:9789187957246, Article
The manufacture of an international news event: The day Kosovo was born
Paterson, Chris ; Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit, London, England, SAGE Publications, 103-120, Journalism (London, England), 1, 13, 2012-01, 103-120,
View online
Article
Transitional justice and transitional journalism: Case-study on Kosovo
Sweeney, James A.; Andresen, Kenneth; Hoxha, Abit, International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3, 14, 1-21, Article
The democratic impact of ICT in Africa/ Informations- und kommunikationstechnologien, politische handlungsfahigkeit und demokratisches regieren in Afrika
Dobra, Alexandra, Sage Publications Ltd. (UK), 73-88, Afrikaspectrum, 1, 47, 2012-04-01, 73-88,
View online
Book Chapter
Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda
Dralega, Carol Azungi, Orgeret, Kristin Skare; Rønning, Helge, Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda, Oslo, Unipub, 2009, 287-312, isbn:9788274774544, Book Chapter
Digital media and the Arab Spring
Howard, Philip N.; Hussain, Muzammil M., Philip N.. Howard (forfatter), Digital media and the Arab Spring, Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145, 2013, 17-34, Book Chapter
Al Jazeera, social media, and digital journalism
Howard, Philip N.; Hussain, Muzammil M., Philip N.. Howard (forfatter), Al Jazeera, social media, and digital journalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145, 2013, 89-102,
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a specific media society for a relevant audience. The presentation should discuss relations between journalism, democracy and development in the particular society.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises one item:
Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at actual cases of media development in emerging democracies.
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is given.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, but the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses this issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its point of departure that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social, political, economic and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role and impact of the media in these processes. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing and transitional societies is often linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and how they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict and post-conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to discuss media intervention and media development projects, as well as suggesting improvements
Article
New Roles for Media in the Western Balkans: A study of transitional journalism
Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit ; Godole, Jonila, Routledge, 614-628, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 614-628,
View online
Book Chapter
Global media: New issues, old story
Raboy, Marc, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Global media: New issues, old story, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 13-19, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Media development and the market for loyalties
Price, Monroe E., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media development and the market for loyalties, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 20-29, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Redefining media development: A demand-driven approach
Nelson, Mark. M., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Redefining media development: A demand-driven approach, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 30-41, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Evaluating success: What should we be measuring?
Abbott, Susan, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Evaluating success: What should we be measuring?, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 42-52, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
A sketch of media development: From meeting point to field?
Waisbord, Silvio, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), A sketch of media development: From meeting point to field?, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 53-58, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Media development and the political marketspace
Stremlau, Nicole, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media development and the political marketspace, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 61-71, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Fake news and disinformation: Promoting facts with press freedoms
Griffin, Douglas, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Fake news and disinformation: Promoting facts with press freedoms, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 72-80, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Gender, research, and media development: A feminist perspective on media structures
Byerly, Carolyn M., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Gender, research, and media development: A feminist perspective on media structures, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 81-92, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Media capture: Media ownership, oligarchs, and the challenge of developing independent media
Dragomir, Marius, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media capture: Media ownership, oligarchs, and the challenge of developing independent media, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 93-103, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
The new normal: Transnational authoritarian threats to independent media
Kalathil, Shanthi, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), The new normal: Transnational authoritarian threats to independent media, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 104-110, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
How the fault-lines in media development assistance make us ill-prepared for the future: A densely potted historical analysis
Deane, James, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), How the fault-lines in media development assistance make us ill-prepared for the future: A densely potted historical analysis, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 157-164, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Media literacy in the context of media development: Framework, interventions, and assessment
Ljubic, Tatjana, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media literacy in the context of media development: Framework, interventions, and assessment, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 165-180, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Solutions journalism and a normative model for media development
Jacobson, Tom, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Solutions journalism and a normative model for media development, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 191-199, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Local news: A shift to hyperlocal?
Betz, Michelle, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Local news: A shift to hyperlocal?, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 181-190, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
The enduring place of investigative journalism in media development
Sullivan, Drew, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), The enduring place of investigative journalism in media development, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 200-207, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Public Service Broadcasting and media development
Horowitz, Minna Aslama; Marko, Davor, Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Public Service Broadcasting and media development, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 208-219, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Media development and media reform: Time for change
Freedman, Des; Obar, Jonathan A., Nicholas Benequista (redaktør), Media development and media reform: Time for change, New York, Peter Lang, volume 23, 2019, 220-228, isbn:9781433151477,
Book Chapter
Citizens, media effects and public participation
Davis, Aeron, Aeron Davis, Citizens, media effects and public participation, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2019, 109-129, isbn:1509528997,
View online
Article
Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo
Hoxha, Abit; Andresen, Kenneth, Journalism Education, 2, 6, 37-47,
Article
The Development of Roles in Kosovo: From Fixers to Journalists
Hoxha, Abit ; Andresen, Kenneth, Routledge, 1732-1746, Journalism studies (London, England), 12, 20, 2019-09-10, 1732-1746,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction: Media, democracy, human rights, and social justice
Jansen, Sue Curry, Jansen, Sue Curry, Introduction: Media, democracy, human rights, and social justice, 1-23, 2011-01-01, 1-23, isbn:9780230119796,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction
Josephi, Beate, Beate Josephi, Introduction, New York, Peter Lang, vol. 1, 2010, 1-14, isbn:9781433110849,
Book Chapter
Conclusions
Josephi, Beate, Beate Josephi, Conclusions, New York, Peter Lang, vol. 1, 2010, 253-260, isbn:9781433110849,
Article
International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies
Kumar, Krishna, Routledge, 652-667, Democratization, 4, 13, 2006-08-01, 652-667,
View online
Article
Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies
Melhus, Kåre, Unpublished paper, 2013, 1-11,
Article
Journalists' Development Journalism Role Perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa
Kalyango, Yusuf ; Hanusch, Folker ; Ramaprasad, Jyotika ; Skjerdal, Terje ; Hasim, Mohd Safar ; Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Ullah, Mohammad Sahid ; Manda, Levi Zeleza ; Kamara, Sarah Bomkapre, Routledge, 576-594, Journalism studies (London, England), 5, 18, 2017-05-04, 576-594,
View online
Article
CULTURE CLASH: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists
Muchtar, Nurhaya ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Taylor & Francis Group, 184-198, Journalism practice, 2, 7, 2013-04-01, 184-198,
View online
Book Chapter
What constitutes media development?
Rønning, Helge, Thorbjörn Broddason (red.), What constitutes media development?, Göteborg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, 410, 61, 2010, 305-320, isbn:9789188212849,
Article
Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia
Skjerdal, Terje S, University of Stellenbosch, 24-51, Global media journal (African ed.), 1, 5, 2011-01-01, 24-51,
View online
Article
60 years of foreign intervention in African journalism: Fortifying the liberal ethos
Skjerdal, Terje, Unpublished paper, 2021, 1-11,
Book Chapter
Why democracy needs media monitoring
Trappel, Josef, Nordicom (-2012) ; Göteborgs universitet ; Gothenburg University ; Nordicom ; Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten ; Faculty of Social Sciences, Carlsson, Ulla, Why democracy needs media monitoring, 2011, 11-28, isbn:9789186523237,
View online
Article
Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers
Andresen, Kenneth ; Kiyya, Baloch, Cogitatio, Media and Communication, 1, 8, 2020, 37-46,
View online
Article
How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories
Hoxha, Abit ; Hanitzsch, Thomas, Meyer, Christoph ; Frère, Marie-Soleil, London, England, SAGE Publications, 46-64, Media, war & conflict, 1, 11, 2018-03, 46-64,
View online
Article
Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies
Jurrat, Nadine, Deutsche Welle, 2016, 1-20,
Article
Good journalism or peace journalism?
David Loyn, Berlin Regener Publishing House, 1-10, Conflict & communication online, 2, 6, 2007-10-01, 1-10,
View online
Book Chapter
The peace journalism model
Lynch, Jake; McGoldrick, Annabel, Lynch, Jake., McGoldrick, Annabel, The peace journalism model, Hawthorn Press, 2014-02-13, 1-32, isbn:9781903458501,
View online
Book Chapter
Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Introduction: Conflict and post-conflict journalism: Worldwide perspectives, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 13-22, isbn:9789187957246,
Book Chapter
Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Afghanistan: Journalism in pseudo-post-conflict, conflict and post-conflict: A clash of definitions?, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 23-38, isbn:9789187957246,
Book Chapter
Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict
Ntulume, Charlotte, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Justified mission? Press coverage of Uganda's military intervention in the South Sudan conflict, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 39-62, isbn:9789187957246,
Book Chapter
Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field
Orgeret, Kristin Skare, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Women making news: Conflict and post-conflict in the field, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 99-114, isbn:9789187957246,
Book Chapter
Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal
Koirala, Samiksha, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Experiences of female journalists in post-conflict Nepal, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 115-128, isbn:9789187957246,
Book Chapter
Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia
Krøvel, Roy, Kristin Skare Orgeret (1968-) (redaktør), Global and local journalism and hte Norwegian collective imagination of 'post-conflict' Colombia, Göteborg, Nordicom, 2016, 147-168, isbn:9789187957246,
Article
The manufacture of an international news event: The day Kosovo was born
Paterson, Chris ; Andresen, Kenneth ; Hoxha, Abit, London, England, SAGE Publications, 103-120, Journalism (London, England), 1, 13, 2012-01, 103-120,
View online
Article
Transitional justice and transitional journalism: Case-study on Kosovo
Sweeney, James A.; Andresen, Kenneth; Hoxha, Abit, International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3, 14, 1-21,
Article
The democratic impact of ICT in Africa/ Informations- und kommunikationstechnologien, politische handlungsfahigkeit und demokratisches regieren in Afrika
Dobra, Alexandra, Sage Publications Ltd. (UK), 73-88, Afrikaspectrum, 1, 47, 2012-04-01, 73-88,
View online
Book Chapter
Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda
Dralega, Carol Azungi, Orgeret, Kristin Skare; Rønning, Helge, Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda, Oslo, Unipub, 2009, 287-312, isbn:9788274774544,
Book Chapter
Digital media and the Arab Spring
Howard, Philip N.; Hussain, Muzammil M., Philip N.. Howard (forfatter), Digital media and the Arab Spring, Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145, 2013, 17-34,
Book Chapter
Al Jazeera, social media, and digital journalism
Howard, Philip N.; Hussain, Muzammil M., Philip N.. Howard (forfatter), Al Jazeera, social media, and digital journalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, XIV, 145, 2013, 89-102,
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a specific media society for a relevant audience. The presentation should discuss relations between journalism, democracy and development in the particular society.
Assessment
The graded assessment in 3GJ302 comprises one item:
Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at actual cases of media development in emerging democracies.
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is given.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, but the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses this issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its point of departure that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social, political, economic and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role and impact of the media in these processes. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing and transitional societies is often linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and how they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict and post-conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to discuss media intervention and media development projects, as well as suggesting improvements
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https://bibsys-uz.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/public/47BIBSYS_NLA/lists/2794297460002228?auth=SAML§ion=2794343250002228
46. Dobra A. The democratic impact of ICT in Africa/ Informations- und kommunikationstechnologien, politische handlungsfahigkeit und demokratisches regieren in Afrika. Afrikaspectrum. 2012;47(1):73–88.
https://bibsys-uz.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/public/47BIBSYS_NLA/citation/2794343280002228?auth=SAML
47. Dralega CA. Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda. I: Orgeret KS, Rønning H, red. The power of communication: Changes and challenges in African media. Unipub; 2009:287–312.
https://bibsys-uz.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/public/47BIBSYS_NLA/citation/2794345990002228?auth=SAML
48. Howard PN, Hussain MM. Digital media and the Arab Spring. I: Democracy’s fourth wave? : digital media and the Arab spring. Oxford University Press; 2013:17–34.
https://bibsys-uz.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/public/47BIBSYS_NLA/citation/2794348120002228?auth=SAML
49. Howard PN, Hussain MM. Al Jazeera, social media, and digital journalism. I: Democracy’s fourth wave? : digital media and the Arab spring. Oxford University Press; 2013:89–102.
https://bibsys-uz.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/public/47BIBSYS_NLA/citation/2794349480002228?auth=SAML
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a specific media society for a relevant audience. The presentation should discuss relations between journalism, democracy and development in the particular society.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises one item:
Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper where the student is asked to evaluate a media development project (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at actual cases of media development in emerging democracies.
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is presented.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, although the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses this issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its point of departure that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social, political, economic and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role and impact of the media in these processes, and there is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing and transitional societies is often linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and how they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (including social and citizen media) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict and post-conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media, citizen media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to discuss media intervention and media development projects, as well as suggesting improvements
Total reading: 814 pp.
GJ 302-1: Journalism and democratization
- Andresen, Kenneth, Abit Hoxha and Jonila Godole (2017) New roles for media in the Western Balkans. Journalism Studies 18(5): 614-628. (15 pp)
- Davis, Aeron (2019) Political communication: A new introduction for crisis times. John Wiley & Sons. Ch 7; 109-129. (21 pp)
- Hoxha, Abit and Kenneth Andresen (2017) Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo. Journalism Education 6(2): 37-47. (11 pp)
- Jansen, Sue Curry (2011) Introduction: Media, democracy, human rights and social justice. In Sue Curry Jansen, Jefferson Pooley and Lora Taub-Pervizpour (eds.), Media and social justice, pp. 1-23. London: Palgrave Macmillan. (23 pp)
- Josephi, Beate (ed.) (2010) Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom. New York: Peter Lang. Pp. 1-14 and 253-260. (22 pp)
- Kalyango, Yusuf, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, Terje Skjerdal, Mohd Safar Hasim, Nurhaya Muchtar, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Levi Zeleza Manda and Sarah Bomkapre Kamara (2017) Journalists’ development journalism role perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Journalism Studies 18(5): 576-594. (19 pp)
- Kumar, Krishna (2006) International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies. Democratization 13(4): 652-667. (16 pp)
- Melhus, Kåre (2013) Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies. Unpublished paper. (11 pp)
- Muchtar, Nurhaya and Thomas Hanitzsch (2013) Culture clash: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists. Journalism Practice 7(2): 184-198. (15 pp)
- Norris, Pippa (ed.) (2010) Public sentinel: News media and governance reform. Washington DC: World Bank. Pp. 31-56 and 193-220. (82 pp)
- Rønning, Helge (2010) What constitutes media development? In Torbjörn Broddason et al. (eds.), Norden och världen: Perspektiv från forskningen om medier och kommunikation, 305-319. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet. (15 pp)
- Sparks, Colin (2007) Globalization, development and the mass media. London: Sage. Pp. 1-19 and 81-226. (165 pp)
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011b) Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia. Global Media Journal: African edition 5(1): 24-51. (28 pp)
- Trappel, Josef, Hannu Nieminen and Lars Nord (eds.) (2011) The media for democracy monitor: A cross national study of leading news media. Göteborg: Nordicom. Pp. 11-28. (18 pp)
GJ 302-2: Journalism and conflict
- Andresen, Kenneth (2015) Journalism under pressure: The case of Kosovo. PhD dissertation, University of Oslo. Pp. 3-15, 20-27, 73-97 and 191-199. (42 pp)
- Hoxha, Abit and Thomas Hanitzsch (2018) How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories. Media, War & Conflict 11(1): 46-64. (19 pp)
- Jurrat, Nadine (2016) Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies. Report, DW Academie. Available from: https://m.dw.com/downloads/35706157/dw-akademiejurrat-media-development-in-regions-of-conflict2016.pdf (16 pp)
- Loyn, David (2007) Good journalism or peace journalism? Conflict and Communication Online 6(2). Available at: http://cco.regener-online.de/2007_2/pdf/loyn.pdf. (10 pp)
- Lynch, Jake and Annabel McGoldrick (2005) Peace journalism. Gloucestershire: Hawthorn Press. Pp. 1-32. (32 pp)
- Orgeret, Kristin Skare and William Tayeebwa (eds.) (2016). Journalism in conflict and post-conflict conditions: Worldwide perspectives. Göteborg: Nordicom. Pp. 7-62, 99-128 and 147-168. (108 pp)
- Paterson, Chris, Kenneth Andresen and Abit Hoxha (2012). The manufacture of an international news event. The day Kosovo was born. Journalism 13(1): 103-120. (18 pp)
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011a) The Somali media and their peace-building potential. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 11(1): 27-50. (24 pp)
GJ 302-3: Digital media and development
- Breuer, Anita, Todd Landman and Dorothea Farquhar (2015) Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization 22(4): 764-792. (29 pp)
- Cottle, Simon (2011) Media and the Arab uprising of 2011: Research notes. Journalism 12(5): 647-659. (13 pp)
- Dobra, Alexandra (2012) The democratic impact of ICT in Africa. Africa Spectrum 47(1): 73-88. (16 pp)
- Dralega, Carol Azungi (2009) Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda. In Helge Rønning and Kristin Skare Orgeret (eds.), Power of communication: Changes and challenges in African media, 285-310. Oslo: Unipub. (26 pp)
- Howard, Philip N. and Muzammil M. Hussain (2013) Democracy’s fourth wave? Digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 17-34 and 89-102. (32 pp)
- Yu, Haiqing (2011) Beyond gatekeeping: J-blogging in China. Journalism 12(4): 379-393. (15 pp)
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
1. Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a topic reviewing journalism, democracy and development in a specific society for a relevant audience.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises one item:
1. Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper where the student is asked to evaluate a media development project (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at specific media development efforts in emerging democracies.
a) Theories about journalism, democracy and development
b) Journalism and media development in practice
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
a) Journalism in risk societies
b) Peace journalism
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ¿new media¿) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is presented.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, although the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses the issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its starting-point that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role of the media in these processes, and there is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing societies is frequently linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and in which way they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ¿new media¿) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws partly on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with selected alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to problematize media intervention
Revised May 2019
- Andresen, Kenneth (2015) Journalism under pressure: The case of Kosovo. PhD dissertation, University of Oslo. Pp. 3–15, 20–27, 73–97 and 191–199. (55 pp.)
- Andresen, Kenneth, Abit Hoxha and Jonila Godole (2017) New roles for media in the Western Balkans. Journalism Studies 18(5): 614–628. (15 pp.)
- Breuer, Anita, Todd Landman and Dorothea Farquhar (2015) Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization 22(4): 764–792. (29 pp.)
- Cottle, Simon (2011) Media and the Arab uprising of 2011: Research notes. Journalism 12(5): 647–659. (13 pp.)
- Dobra, Alexandra (2012) The democratic impact of ICT in Africa. Africa Spectrum 47(1): 73–88. (16 pp.)
- Dralega, Carol Azungi (2009) Bridging the digital divides: Exploring the principles of the community multimedia centre model in Uganda. In Helge Rønning and Kristin Skare Orgeret (eds.), Power of communication: Changes and challenges in African media, 285–310. Oslo: Unipub. (26 pp.)
- Howard, Philip N. and Muzammil M. Hussain (2013) Democracy’s fourth wave? Digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 17–34 and 89–102. (32 pp. )
- Jansen, Sue Curry (2011) Introduction: Media, democracy, human rights and social justice. In Sue Curry Jansen, Jefferson Pooley and Lora Taub-Pervizpour (eds.), Media and social justice, pp. 1–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan. (23 pp.)
- Hoxha, Abit and Kenneth Andresen (2017) Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo. Journalism Education 6(2): 37–47. (11 pp.)
- Hoxha, Abit and Thomas Hanitzsch (2018) How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories. Media, War & Conflict 11(1): 46–64. (19 pp.)
- Josephi, Beate (ed.) (2010) Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom. New York: Peter Lang. Pp. 1–14 and 253–260. (22 pp.)
- Jurrat, Nadine (2016) Media development in regions of conflict, transitional countries, and closed societies. Report, DW Academie. Available from: https://m.dw.com/downloads/35706157/dw-akademiejurrat-media-development-in-regions-of-conflict2016.pdf (16 pp.)
- Kalyango, Yusuf, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, Terje Skjerdal, Mohd Safar Hasim, Nurhaya Muchtar, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Levi Zeleza Manda and Sarah Bomkapre Kamara (2017) Journalists’ development journalism role perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Journalism Studies 18(5): 576-594. (19 pp.)
- Kumar, Krishna (2006) International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies. Democratization 13(4): 652–667. (16 pp.)
- Loyn, David (2007) Good journalism or peace journalism? Conflict and Communication Online 6(2). Available at: http://cco.regener-online.de/2007_2/pdf/loyn.pdf. (10 pp.)
- Lynch, Jake and Annabel McGoldrick (2005) Peace journalism. Gloucestershire: Hawthorn Press. Pp. 1–32. (32 pp.)
- Melhus, Kåre (2013) Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies. Unpublished paper. (11 pp.)
- Montiel, Aimée Vega (ed.) (2014) Media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender. Report, Unesco. Pp. 1–54. Available from: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/publications/media_and_gender_scholarly_agenda_for_gamag.pdf (54 pp.)
- Muchtar, Nurhaya and Thomas Hanitzsch (2013) Culture clash: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists. Journalism Practice 7(2): 184–198. (15 pp.)
- Norris, Pippa (ed.) (2010) Public sentinel: News media and governance reform. Washington DC: World Bank. Pp. 3–56 and 193–220. (82 pp.)
- Orgeret, Kristin Skare and William Tayeebwa (eds.) (2016). Journalism in conflict and post-conflict conditions: Worldwide perspectives. Göteborg: Nordicom. Pp. 7–62, 99–128 and 147–168. (108 pp.)
- Paterson, Chris, Kenneth Andresen and Abit Hoxha (2012). The manufacture of an international news event. The day Kosovo was born. Journalism 13(1): 103-120. (18 pp.)
- Rønning, Helge (2010) What constitutes media development? In Torbjörn Broddason et al. (eds.), Norden och världen: Perspektiv från forskningen om medier och kommunikation, 305–319. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet. (15 pp.)
- Sparks, Colin (2007) Globalization, development and the mass media. London: Sage.Pp. 1–19 and 81–226. (165 pp.)
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011a) The Somali media and their peace-building potential. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 11(1): 27–50. (24 pp.)
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011b) Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia. Global Media Journal: African edition 5(1): 24–51. (28 pp.)
- Skjerdal, Terje (2016) Professional perceptions among male and female journalists on the Horn of Africa: A quantitative study. Journal of African Media Studies 8(3): 305–318. (14 pp.)
- Trappel, Josef, Hannu Nieminen and Lars Nord (eds.) (2011) The media for democracy monitor: A cross national study of leading news media. Göteborg: Nordicom. Pp. 11–28. (18 pp.)
- Yu, Haiqing (2011) Beyond gatekeeping: J-blogging in China. Journalism 12(4): 379–393. (15 pp.)
Total page numbers: 921
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
1. Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a topic reviewing journalism, democracy and development in a specific society for a relevant audience.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises one item:
1. Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper where the student is asked to evaluate a media development project (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at specific media development efforts in emerging democracies.
a) Theories about journalism, democracy and development
b) Journalism and media development in practice
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
a) Journalism in risk societies
b) Peace journalism
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ¿new media¿) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is presented.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, although the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses the issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its starting-point that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role of the media in these processes, and there is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing societies is frequently linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and in which way they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ¿new media¿) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws partly on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with selected alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to problematize media intervention
Total reading: Approx. 670 pp.
GJ 302.1: Journalism and democratization
a) Theories about journalism, democracy and development
Readings:
- Blankson, Isaac A. and Patrick D. Murphy (eds.) (2007) Negotiating democracy: Media transformations in emerging democracies. New York: State University of New York. Pp. 1-34.
- Norris, Pippa (ed.) (2010) Public sentinel: News media and governance reform. Washington DC: World Bank. Pp. 3-56 and 193-220.
- Rønning, Helge (2010) What constitutes media development? In Torbjörn Broddason et al. (eds.), Norden och världen: Perspektiv från forskningen om medier och kommunikation, 305-319. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet.
- Sparks, Colin (2007) Globalization, development and the mass media. London: Sage.Pp. 1-19 and 81-125.
- Trappel, Josef, Hannu Nieminen and Lars Nord (eds.) (2011) The media for democracy monitor: A cross national study of leading news media. Göteborg: Nordicom. Pp. 11-28.
b) Journalism and media development in practice
Readings:
- Josephi, Beate (ed.) (2010) Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom. New York: Peter Lang. Pp. 1-14 and 253-260.
- Melhus, Kåre and Terje Skjerdal (2015) Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies. Unpublished paper
- LaMay, Craig L. (2007) Exporting press freedom. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Pp. 1-76.
- Muchtar, Nurhaya and Thomas Hanitzsch (2013) Culture clash: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists. Journalism Practice 7(2): 184-198.
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011) Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia. Global Media Journal: African edition 5(1): 24-51.
GJ 302.2: Journalism and conflict
a) Journalism in risk societies
Readings:
- Andresen, Kenneth (2008) Newsroom culture in a transitional society: Routines and improvisations in Kosovar news production. Unpublished paper. 20 s.
- Brooten, Lisa (2006) Political violence and journalism in a multiethnic state. Journal of Communication Inquiry 30(4): 354-373.
- Tveiten, Oddgeir and Stig Arne Nohrstedt (2002) News, discourse, rhetoric, propaganda. Conflict journalism from a multi-methodological perspective. In Wilhelm Kempf and Heikki Luostarinen (eds.), Journalism and the new world order, 131-144. Göteborg: Nordicom.
b) Peace journalism
Readings:
- Loyn, David (2007) Good journalism or peace journalism? Conflict and Communication Online 6(2). Available at: http://cco.regener-online.de/2007_2/pdf/loyn.pdf. (10 pp.)
- Lynch, Jake and Annabel McGoldrick (2005) Peace journalism. Gloucestershire: Hawthorn Press. Pp. 1-32.
- Shaw, Ibrahim Seaga (2011) "Human rights journalism": A critical conceptual framework of a complementary strand of peace journalism. In Ibrahim Seaga Shaw, Jake Lynch and Robert A. Hackett (eds.), Expanding peace journalism: Comparative and critical approaches, 96-121. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011) The Somali media and their peace-building potential. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 11(1): 27-50.
GJ 302.3: Digital media and development
Readings:
- Breuer, Anita, Todd Landman and Dorothea Farquhar (2013) Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization, forthcoming.
- Cottle, Simon (2011) Media and the Arab uprising of 2011: Research notes. Journalism 12(5): 647-659.
- Dobra, Alexandra (2012) The democratic impact of ICT in Africa. Africa Spectrum 47(1): 73-88.
- Howard, Philip N. and Muzammil M. Hussain (2013) Democracy's fourth wave? Digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 17-34 and 89-102.
- Kalathil, Shanthi and Taylor C. Boas (2003) Open networks, closed regimes: The impact of the Internet on authoritarian rule. Washington DC: Carnegie. Pp. 135-153.
- Lowrey, Wilson (2006) Mapping the journalism -blogging relationship. Journalism 7(4): 477-500.
- Van Rensburg, Aletta H. Janse (2012) Using the Internet for democracy: A study of South Africa, Kenya and Zambia. Global Media Journal: African edition 6(1): 93-116.
- Yu, Haiqing (2011) Beyond gatekeeping: J-blogging in China. Journalism 12(4): 379-393.
The following coursework requirement must be passed before a final grade is given for the course:
1. Participation in a group assignment which consists of an oral presentation of a topic reviewing journalism, democracy and development in a specific society for a relevant audience.
Assessment
The graded assessment in GJ 302 comprises one item:
1. Individual assignment consisting of a 4000 word written assignment/paper where the student is asked to evaluate a media development project (100% of the final grade)
GJ 302¿1: Journalism and democratization
This section of the course visits classic theories of media and democracy and discusses the particular role of journalism in light of the different models. The second part looks at specific media development efforts in emerging democracies.
a) Theories about journalism, democracy and development
b) Journalism and media development in practice
GJ 302¿2: Journalism and conflict
This section of the course discusses the role of the media and journalists in international and local conflict situations. The framework of peace journalism is treated as a distinct approach for conflict societies.
a) Journalism in risk societies
b) Peace journalism
GJ 302¿3: Digital media and development
This part of the course explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ¿new media¿) in democratization processes. The use of new digital platforms on the fringes of classic journalism, particularly blogs and social media, is discussed. A perspective on media regulation in closed regimes is presented.
It is commonly assumed that there is a relationship between media and democracy, although the nature of the relationship is debated. This course addresses the issue through the role of the journalistic media in democratization processes in developing societies. The course takes as its starting-point that the media are used actively throughout the world to promote social and national development, both by local authorities and the international community. Yet there is a lack of consensus on how to describe the role of the media in these processes, and there is a need for a deeper understanding of the motives for the utilization of the media by various stakeholders and the potentials and limitations of journalism in this regard.
The role of the journalistic media in developing societies is frequently linked to conflict situations. Under such conditions there is also reason to question how the media and journalists operate, and in which way they engage with different parties in the conflict.
The course also explores the role of digital media (sometimes called ¿new media¿) in democratization processes. With economic and technological advances, digital media have a potentially unifying role in democratization processes around the world. At the same time, digital media are criticized for reinforcing the gap between the information rich and the information poor, even within developing societies. These issues are treated in the course both theoretically and through case studies.
The course draws partly on the experiences of NLA University College in journalism and media development in various parts of the world.
Knowledge
The student:
- has knowledge of major paradigms within development theory
- comprehends key theoretical approaches to media and democratization
- is familiar with selected alternative approaches to journalistic development
- has knowledge of experiences with journalistic development in conflict societies
- is able to explain key issues in the debate concerning digital media and development
Skills
The student:
- can assess general approaches to journalism and democratization
- can evaluate a media development project in a particular society from a theoretical point of view
- demonstrates ability to discuss ethical issues pertaining to the role of journalistic activity in a conflict society
- is able to scrutinize various views in the debate concerning digital media and development and argue for solutions
General competence
The student:
- can communicate issues of journalism and development within a broader development frame
- has skills to problematize media intervention
Total reading: Approx. 670 pp.
GJ 302.1: Journalism and democratization
a) Theories about journalism, democracy and development
Readings:
- Blankson, Isaac A. and Patrick D. Murphy (eds.) (2007) Negotiating democracy: Media transformations in emerging democracies. New York: State University of New York. Pp. 1-34.
- Norris, Pippa (ed.) (2010) Public sentinel: News media and governance reform. Washington DC: World Bank. Pp. 3-56 and 193-220.
- Rønning, Helge (2010) What constitutes media development? In Torbjörn Broddason et al. (eds.), Norden och världen: Perspektiv från forskningen om medier och kommunikation, 305-319. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet.
- Sparks, Colin (2007) Globalization, development and the mass media. London: Sage.Pp. 1-19 and 81-125.
- Trappel, Josef, Hannu Nieminen and Lars Nord (eds.) (2011) The media for democracy monitor: A cross national study of leading news media. Göteborg: Nordicom. Pp. 11-28.
b) Journalism and media development in practice
Readings:
- Josephi, Beate (ed.) (2010) Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom. New York: Peter Lang. Pp. 1-14 and 253-260.
- Melhus, Kåre and Terje Skjerdal (2015) Sustainable journalism education beyond short-term training: Experiences from emerging democracies. Unpublished paper
- LaMay, Craig L. (2007) Exporting press freedom. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Pp. 1-76.
- Muchtar, Nurhaya and Thomas Hanitzsch (2013) Culture clash: International media training and the difficult adoption of Western journalism practices among Indonesian radio journalists. Journalism Practice 7(2): 184-198.
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011) Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia. Global Media Journal: African edition 5(1): 24-51.
GJ 302.2: Journalism and conflict
a) Journalism in risk societies
Readings:
- Andresen, Kenneth (2008) Newsroom culture in a transitional society: Routines and improvisations in Kosovar news production. Unpublished paper. 20 s.
- Brooten, Lisa (2006) Political violence and journalism in a multiethnic state. Journal of Communication Inquiry 30(4): 354-373.
- Tveiten, Oddgeir and Stig Arne Nohrstedt (2002) News, discourse, rhetoric, propaganda. Conflict journalism from a multi-methodological perspective. In Wilhelm Kempf and Heikki Luostarinen (eds.), Journalism and the new world order, 131-144. Göteborg: Nordicom.
b) Peace journalism
Readings:
- Loyn, David (2007) Good journalism or peace journalism? Conflict and Communication Online 6(2). Available at: http://cco.regener-online.de/2007_2/pdf/loyn.pdf. (10 pp.)
- Lynch, Jake and Annabel McGoldrick (2005) Peace journalism. Gloucestershire: Hawthorn Press. Pp. 1-32.
- Shaw, Ibrahim Seaga (2011) "Human rights journalism": A critical conceptual framework of a complementary strand of peace journalism. In Ibrahim Seaga Shaw, Jake Lynch and Robert A. Hackett (eds.), Expanding peace journalism: Comparative and critical approaches, 96-121. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
- Skjerdal, Terje (2011) The Somali media and their peace-building potential. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 11(1): 27-50.
GJ 302.3: Digital media and development
Readings:
- Breuer, Anita, Todd Landman and Dorothea Farquhar (2013) Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization, forthcoming.
- Cottle, Simon (2011) Media and the Arab uprising of 2011: Research notes. Journalism 12(5): 647-659.
- Dobra, Alexandra (2012) The democratic impact of ICT in Africa. Africa Spectrum 47(1): 73-88.
- Howard, Philip N. and Muzammil M. Hussain (2013) Democracy's fourth wave? Digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 17-34 and 89-102.
- Kalathil, Shanthi and Taylor C. Boas (2003) Open networks, closed regimes: The impact of the Internet on authoritarian rule. Washington DC: Carnegie. Pp. 135-153.
- Lowrey, Wilson (2006) Mapping the journalism -blogging relationship. Journalism 7(4): 477-500.
- Van Rensburg, Aletta H. Janse (2012) Using the Internet for democracy: A study of South Africa, Kenya and Zambia. Global Media Journal: African edition 6(1): 93-116.
- Yu, Haiqing (2011) Beyond gatekeeping: J-blogging in China. Journalism 12(4): 379-393.